| major | minor | Java platform version |
|---|---|---|
| 45 0x27 | 3 | 1.0 |
| 45 0x27 | 3 | 1.1 |
| 46 0x28 | 0 | 1.2 |
| 47 0x29 | 0 | 1.3 |
| 48 0x30 | 0 | 1.4 |
| 49 0x31 | 0 | 5.0 |
| 50 0x32 | 0 | 6.0 |
| 51 0x33 | 0 | 7 |
| 52 0x34 | 0 | 8 |
where minor and major are value of 6 and 8 bytes in .class file:
0xCA, 0xFE, 0xBA, 0xBE, 0x00, minor, 0x00, major
public:
private:
protected:
Default (ie, without any access modifier):
static:
final:
A checked exception is some subclass of Exception (or Exception itself), excluding class RuntimeException and its subclasses.
Unchecked exceptions are RuntimeException and any of its subclasses. Class Error and its subclasses also are unchecked. With an unchecked exception, however, the compiler doesn't force client programmers either to catch the exception or declare it in a throws clause.
If you declare a class within a class and specify the static modifier, the compiler treats the class just like any other top-level class.
Any class outside the declaring class accesses the nested class with the declaring class name acting similarly to a package. eg, outer.inner. Top-level inner classes implicitly have access only to static variables. There can also be inner interfaces. All of these are of the nested top-level variety.
Member inner classes are just like other member methods and member variables and access to the member class is restricted, just like methods and variables. This means a public member class acts similarly to a nested top-level class.
The primary difference between member classes and nested top-level classes is that member classes have access to the specific instance of the enclosing class.
Local classes are like local variables, specific to a block of code. Their visibility is only within the block of their declaration. In order for the class to be useful beyond the declaration block, it would need to implement a more publicly available interface.
Because local classes are not members, the modifiers public, protected, private, and static are not usable.
Anonymous inner classes extend local inner classes one level further. As anonymous classes have no name, you cannot provide a constructor.
http://java.sun.com/performance/reference/whitepapers/5.0_performance.html http://java.sun.com/performance/reference/whitepapers/6_performance.html
$ jar cf myFile.jar *.class $ jar cmf myManifestFile myFile.jar *.class $ jar -cfe Main.jar foo.Main foo/Main.class
$ java -Xprof com.vendor.product.Clazz $ java -Xrunhprof:help
Compile with -g to preserve source code information:
$ javac -g -cp $CLASSPATH -sourcepath $SRC_DIR -d $BUILD_DIR
To run Java program in debugger:
$ jdb -cp $CLASSPATH -sourcepath $SRC_DIR
To attach to Java application you should run application for Java 1.4:
$ java -Xdebug -Xrunjdwp:transport=dt_shmem,server=y,suspend=n,address=$PORT \ com.vendor.product.Clazz
for Java including & above 5:
$ java -agentlib:jdwp=transport=dt_shmem,server=y,suspend=n,address=$PORT \ com.vendor.product.Clazz
for Java 9 you need to set host:
$ java -agentlib:jdwp=transport=dt_shmem,server=y,suspend=n,address=*:$PORT \ com.vendor.product.Clazz $ java -agentlib:jdwp=transport=dt_shmem,server=y,suspend=n,address=localhost:$PORT \ com.vendor.product.Clazz
and then attach with debugger:
$ jdb -attach $PORT
For transport use:
Dump current thread traces and memory statistic to stdout:
$ kill -QUIT $PID
If application started with nohup redirect output to selected file:
$ nohup java -cp ... com.app.Main >$NOHUP.log &
or check default nohup.out or $HOME/nohup.out file.
Alternatively use jstack utility for Java version 1.5 and above:
$ jstack -l $PID >$DUMP.out
jstack should be runned from same user as probing application:
$ sudo -u $USER jstack -l $PID >$DUMP.out
Note
Thread information preserved in heap dump and can be reviewed in visualvm.
Find pid of Java process:
$ jps -l -v
Save dump to file:
$ jmap -dump:format=b,file=heap.hprof $PID $ sudo -u $USR jcmd $PID GC.heap_dump heap.hprof
With live option only reachable objects are dumped:
$ jmap -dump:live,format=b,file=heap.hprof $PID
Run Java application with:
-XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError -XX:HeapDumpPath=/path/to/heap.dump
To dump class loading and unloading to System.out add to java opts:
$ java -XX:+TraceClassLoading -XX:+TraceClassUnloading ... $ java -verbose:class ...
To review loaded classes explore heap dump in visualvm (visit "Classes" tab).
$ javap -v -p -c My.java
Graphical tools are available at:
$ update-java-alternatives -l $ sudo update-java-alternatives -s java-1.8.0-openjdk-i386
or individually for each executable:
$ sudo update-alternatives --config java
Get cert with:
$ openssl s_client -connect promin-test.it.loc:433 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- ... -----END CERTIFICATE-----
or by opening URL in broswer and exporting in "Page info" ==> "Security" menu.
Call import utility with default changeit password:
$ keytool -importcert -file $YOUR.crt -keystore $JAVA_HOME/jre/lib/security/cacert -alias $ANY -storepass changeit $ keytool -list -v -keystore $JAVA_HOME/jre/lib/security/cacert -storepass changeit
Import certificate system wide in Debian by (note, .crt extention is mandatory):
$ sudo mkdir /usr/share/ca-certificates/$ANY/ # don't mess with other certs $ sudo cp /tmp/$YOUR.crt /usr/share/ca-certificates/$ANY/ $ sudo dpkg-reconfigure --force ca-certificates # check your cert in curses GUI! $ sudo update-ca-certificates --fresh --verbose
| Java EE | Servlet | JSP | JSTL |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6 | 3.0 | 2.2 | |
| 5 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 1.2 |
| 1.4 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 1.1 |
| 1.2 | 2.3 | 1.2 | 1.0 |
To set servlet version check WEB-INF/web.xml:
<web-app xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee" version="3.0">
See:
Just use Groovy. bsh is older alternative without code completion.
org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.ToStringBuilder.reflectionToString() org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.ReflectionToStringBuilder.toString()